Spin of the Wheel

So I had a test fitting of the motor. Everything else went pretty nice, except my attempt in finishing the adapter plate contruction in place turned out to be a little challenging. In the end I also decided that I'll drop the flywheel and the clutch altogether and go for a direct coupling. It'll save weight and I noticed that the electronically driven tachometer didn't want to work anyway without the ICE in place. So after I had got the wheels spinning I took everything apart again.

As you can see it really is better to be lucky than to be good. One of the bolt holes in the drive shaft support just fits a hole in the motor. I'm not sure it's quite enough to hold the support in place and if it will still match after I've taken the flywheel and clutch out, which may alter the motor position.

Charge points

Just a quick update; I started a shared Google map of public charge points in Finland called Latauspisteitä. Let me know if you want to contribute and I'll invite you in. Otherwise, just enjoy. So far I've only got three points mapped in the Satakunta region.

Update: Found Fortum's charge point map for Nordic countries: http://map.chargedrive.fi/mobile/

Porin Ässät!

In case you were wondering, I can't resist posting about the Finnish hockey championship winner, a team which my late grandfather made possible by negotiating the union of two local teams in 1967 and also came up with the name for the team, Porin Ässät. It's spade logo and team colors were then chosen to go with the name. It's a shame he passed away just a couple of years ago, especially since the last championship for the team was from 1978, just a few months before I was born.

The championship is ours and I was there! Go Ässät!

First ride of the season, car progress and more

Here's the bike after the first ride of the season. Only a little less than 20 km leisure cruise. Everything still works as before and top speed of the ride was 104 km/h. A total of 20.62 Ah or 1481.4 Wh was consumed. Max battery amps were 422.5 A and minimum voltage under load 57.2 V. The bottom fairing is missing because it needs cleaning and perhaps I will also modify it a little for hopefully improved aerodynamics. I also bought an extended front fender from ebay to reduce water and crap flying into the motor and batteries

My KP-K 2000 W charger doing it's thing. I just keep it in a large tank bag from Biltema. It just fits with enough clearance for air flow. All 20 amps going into the 40 Ah pack with no problem whatsoever. I'd charge faster if I had a bigger charger and was comfortable with pulling over 2000 W the usual Schuko plug. I had outlets with a 16 A fuse installed, but just the other day I noticed the charger's connector getting pretty hot. For faster charging better connectors would definitely be in order.

I also started putting together the motor with the flywheel, clutch and so on. It's a bit more ghetto than I'd like, but I'll have to make do with the time and the tools that I have. At least I'll have room for improvement later if I find myself bored and with too much time in my hands... Right, maybe in thirty years or so when I reach retirement.

A bit of news I actually picked up in the local newspaper, Fortum and Nissan along with the ABC! stations have teamed up to provide a network of 50 quick charge stations in Finland. With Nissan on board there should be no question of whether they'll be CHAdeMO or not. The good part is that it's the best option available right now. The bad is that it's highly proprietary and not available for free. However, I did find an open-chademo project which hopefully will make it possible for private converters to equip their vehicle with a CHAdeMO plug. Me included, I hope.

Update! Looks like the charging stations may actually have both CHAdeMO for 50 kW DC and Mennekes for 43 kW AC charging. At least according to this press release from last year. Nice!

Why you shouldn't fully charge your cells

In my previous entry I wrote about the Swedish paper on Lithium battery cycle life. I kept thinking about the results and came to an interesting conclusion on why you really shouldn't fully charge your cells.

Consider a scenario like the one in the paper where you would Top Balance your cells and fully recharge them to 100% state of charge every time and then discharge them to empty. You'd be at 80% capacity in about 2000 cycles as expected.

But if you didn't fully charge your cells, but instead chose to undercharge your cells like we do in addition to Bottom Balancing? You might not see the 9000 cycles that they got when they only charged to 50% SOC, but I'd bet you'd get to 6000 easy. Even that would be triple compared to Top Balancing.

In order to get maximum range a lot of people will Top Balance, use a BMS or try to find other ways to maximize their traction pack capacity, for example by trying to even the cell charges on the fly. What they don't realise is that if you try to push as much into the cells as you can you are killing them much faster than you could be.

By 1000 cycles of 100% charging you'll have less capacity in the cells that you would have had if you just undercharged them in the first place. And the loss is permanent. There's no way to get them back. Undercharge and those cells will have that 90% charge much longer than the fully charged, Top Balanced pack takes to reach 80% capacity.

Top Balancing might give you the maximum range right now, but after a couple of thousand cycles they guy who only charged to 90% will probably have longer range and healthier cells.

If you have more money than you can ever use, or happen to sell batteries, then Top Balancing is for you. Otherwise, in the long run, undercharging is the smart thing to do. Don't forget to Bottom Balance.

Update! Here's a link to the paper: http://komar.bitcheese.net/files/JensGroot.pdf

Disclaimer: All of my battery ramblings are based on my own experience and Jack Rickard's findings. They are applicable to CALB SE- and CA-series cells. Other cells and chemistries may at least require different voltages.

On swelling and battery life

Ok, I'll just steal that one from Jack's University of Batteries, but I do think it holds true. Swelling is telling and if your cells swell you are damaging them. Hence there is no need to bind them together tight, unless you want to destroy them by overcharging or, oh, let's say by Top Balancing, which really is just a form of doing that.

Another very, very interesting thing is the excellent paper from Sweden Jack is also kind enough to present to us. What's apparent is that to get the 2000-3000 cycle cell life (down to 80% capacity) you need to continously charge to 100% and discharge to about 10%. I think you'll get the same results by Top Balancing as well if you boil your cells at 100% SOC for extended periods of time. And every time you charge to 100% you're harming the cell, so it's really better to Bottom Balance and undercharge a little, say by charging to 3.5 volts per cell. It's the best way to take of your cells really. You only charge them to a voltage and stop immediately.

The test went on to 9000 cycles with LiPO cells in cyclic simulated EV use before the 80% capacity limit, if you didn't charge them over 50%. It didn't matter how fast you discharged. They lasted better if you went from 23 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees. I know it's LiPO cells, but they should be similar enough for all this to apply to LiFePO4 cells as well. Nothing whatsoever in there that would support anything the BMS people are claiming.

I'd go as far as claiming that if you only have 80% capacity left after only 2000 cycles you've probably been doing something wrong. If you are using a BMS then it's your BMS that is harming your cells.

Another thing to take home here is that discharge rate doesn't matter, which means I'm definitely going to remove any artificial current limits in my motorcycle right away. The SE40AHA cells can put out 400 A, that's 10 C, and I'm going to take it all. My AXE7245 controller could go up to 450 A. I will add some cooling though, I have a 8" fan and a 3" marine blower that I'll be experimenting with, but more on that later.

New battery and first charge

New aux battery, 15 V PSU, main shunt and a fuse.

I installed a new auxiliary battery yesterday. It's a 12 V 12 Ah lead acid battery from Biltema, product number 80-268. I'm charging it with an old Toshiba laptop power supply, which puts out a maximum of 5 A at 15 V. It's a little high, but we'll see how this goes. Previously I used old, small UPS batteries, but they probably weren't very good for this purpose and pretty much died. Without the lights on the brick seemed to put out less than an amp, but when I turned on the headlights it ramped up to 5 A. Obviously it's mean for 100-250 VAC, but it seems to run from 80 VDC as well. If the main traction pack falls much below that it will give up, but I suppose that could actually be a good thing. At least it won't drain the pack empty.

That's my fully charged voltage for 25 CALB cells.

I also recharged the traction pack for the first time after the winter. It had been sitting about six months. I had used it to test the TTL200C motor a bit since the last charge and also gave the ME1003 motor in the motorcycle a little spin just before the charge. Only 1.39 Ah went in. So I can pretty safely say the cells haven't discharged by themselves at all. If I hadn't used the pack at all this would equal about 0.5% self discharge per month. Alas I have and no such thing exists. The specs on these cells aren't lying though. 0% is still below 3%. It's really just a number they came up with when they got tired of silly people asking what's the self discharge and they wouldn't believe there is none.

One last shot of the new Cycle Analyst placement from a slightly better angle. Very, very nice.

Looper conversions

Just watched Looper on Blu-ray. Not a bad flick at all. Something that caught my eye were the vehicles. The makers of the film have stated they wanted a sort of a Cuba-ish feel to the vehicles in that there are old beat up vehicles that have obviously been converted to run on something other that originally ran with. Just like they have replaced engines in the old US cars with Soviet diesels (or so I've heard) in Looper they seem to have converted vehicles to run on a variety of fuels.

The main character drives a mint red sports car which seems not to have been modified in any way so it probably still runs on gasoline. Many cars have some added tubing going around the car from exhaust pipe are to gas cap. One of the characters drives an old Japanese motorcycle with some sort of turbine thing replacing the whole lower part of the vehicle. Many cars are also seen with solar panels on all flat surfaces.

That may not be very far from what the future might look like. Gas guzzlers will never go away, but as the price of gasoline will inevitably rise as the supplies eventually dimish a lot less people will want to drive them. It'll be a luxury reserved for the rich and those who restore or keep servicing old classics. Many will just drive on eletricity and some may opt for a fuel cell vehicles. Some will stick to ethanol.

It's just sad that the legislators (fuelled by lobbyists) try to prevent this future of modified vehicles. Let's just hope that tide will turn without the need for a anarchist future like the one depicted in Looper as well.

Spring is coming

It looks like spring is coming. For a nothern motorcyclist the sure signs are increasing amount of dry, ice free asphalt and the accompanying urge to tinker with two wheelers to get them ready for the season. Today I finally did something I had been thinking about since I got the bike inspected last summer. The Cycle Analyst was placed in a less than optimal location below the lock and rather badly in the way, not to mention hard to read while driving. Now it has moved to a better position above the original instrument panel. Looks very good and should be much more user friendly. Good times.

ps. I also lifted the bike on it's center stand, gave the motor a little spin and checked the cells. All came in at 6.56 or 6.57 volts a pair. I'd call that pretty well balanced.

What's wrong with Top Balancing

Let's go over the basics again. Top Balancing is based on a belief that you can fully charge a cell by charging it to a certain voltage, say 3.65 volts, and just keep it there. To get a complete pack "balanced" would require to charge until all cells are at 3.65 volts. To do this some cells need to be kept at 3.65 volts while others catch up. That's all part of Top Balancing and what many BMS do.

So how did they come up with this system that many people swear by and even think to be absolutely necessary? They probably don't know themselves, but here's how I think it must have happened. We know that a LiFePO4 cell likes to stay within a certain voltage range. Go below 2.5 V and you start hurting the cell. Go above 4 V and you're definitely hurting it. To charge a battery you put current into it and since you know you don't want to go over a certain voltage you stop when it's reached. This was 4.2 V in the beginning, but I guess they've found it a little too high since 3.65 V is what most recommend now. They also found out that if you taper the current you can put a little more energy into the cell while keeping the voltage at 3.65 V.

Now think of Lead Acid for a moment. In Lead Acid voltage is voltage and voltage is charge level. You charge and you keep trickle charging your Lead Acid batteries, they'll be happy for it and you get a nicely Top Balanced Lead Acid pack. The more energy you can put into them the happier they are and the more range you will get from you Lead Sled.

Now if you put these two things together, maximum charge voltage and Lead Acid heritage, what you get is Top Balancing and what usually is considered to be a Lithium BMS. To prove this they talk about stuff like Cell Drift and Self Discharge. I really don't know how they came up with them, but it must be from Lead Acid heritage as well. Or maybe they put this Top Balancing BMS on their cells, kept recording the voltages and noticed that they vary and the cells will Self Discharge.

What they didn't think of was that they had the BMS connected the whole time and both phenomena were actually caused by the BMS itself. If you put any Cell Level system on your cells that's not very, very carefully designed not to draw any (and I do mean any) current, you will see the cells react and they will react differently. You will place on uneven load on the cells that will cause "Cell Drift" and the load itself will be the "Self Discharge" you see. To make matters worse, if you Top Balance and keep cells at 3.65 V while other catch up, you will damage your cells and damage them by different amounts, which will only inflate the problems you think are caused by the cells themselves.

But what about internal resistance, you ask. What about it? What part of Top Balancing BMS will have any effect on the internal resistance of the cell? Yes, the cells may have varying internal resistance and that variation will cause them to discharge at a different rate. Let's say you have a pack of cells and you'd charge them each individually to 3.65 volts without damaging them by "boiling" some at that voltage while others catch up. You'd end up with fully charged cells, right? Now what happens when you start discharging them as hard as you can? You know they have different internal resistance and slight variation in capacity, because they just can't make them perfect yet.

So you're discharging and discharging and your first cells hit the cut-off voltage. You have to stop now, or you'll damage those cells. And you'll better be quick about it too. Stop the car immediately. If you were smart you had already put the vehicle into a Crawl Mode, so that you could pull over safely. Unless you've kept a really good track of previous full discharges you won't know when your first cells will be empty and when you should start crawling. Doing so gets really complicated and expensive really fast. Add in all the single cell level monitoring, shunts to enable Top Balancing and it's not really hard to imagine why those BMS systems are so expensive.

Hopefully I've by now convinced you of the problems with and caused by Top Balancing. I'd really like the whole world to get a clue on this, including Boeing and the BMS people at Sähköautot - Nyt! forum, but I don't have my hopes up. What's amazing is how firmly rooted these false beliefs are. It may just be that a lot of people have too much invested in BMS systems to admit there are issues. It sure does seem like a lot of people are looking to make a buck on these.

I guess I still have the obvious question unanswered. If Top Balancing doesn't do what people think it does and if it doesn't really solve anything, what is the answer? How about if we try something quite opposite. Instead of trying to Top Balance the cells we drain them as empty as we dare. 2.5 volts is a little dangerous so let's say 2.75 volts. Let's call that empty, or close enough.

Now if we have all of our cells empty and we connect them in series with just the interconnects we have an empty pack. What happens if we charge them? They will all receive the same amount of current. They're all a little bit different so they absorb their share a little differently, but it doesn't matter. We don't like any cells to go above into dangerous territory so we undercharge a little. We don't even pretend to get all cells at exactly 3.65 volts. Most end up a little below and some may even go a little higher, but it doesn't matter. We accomplish this by charging the whole series pack to cell count times 3.5 volts. My experience is that even with this undercharge you will end up putting as much or even more energy into the cells than what they are rated for.

What you've in essence accomplished by this Bottom Balancing is that you've zeroed all the differences between the cells, whether it be capacity or internal resistance. When you discharge the cells they will do the same thing in reverse that they did when you charged them and if you keep discharging them they will all end up at the same voltage you Bottom Balanced them at. In other words they will both charge and discharge very close the same way. Close enough that it doesn't matter. As a bonus you don't have to keep track of your cells. You'll now exactly how many Ah went into the pack when you charged it and you know exactly how much you can take out. And once those cells hit that 2.5 volts, all together, at the same time, they will be putting out hardly any energy at all. And since they're all empty they can't force each other into destruction.

Disclaimer: All of my battery ramblings are based on my own experience and Jack Rickard's findings. They are applicable to CALB SE- and CA-series cells. Other cells and chemistries may at least require different voltages.